Britton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britton - Essay Example Then again, created nations are characterized as ‘technologically and biologically progressed, appreciate generally elevated expectations of living and have present day social and political organizations and structures’ (Huybers, 2007, p. 28). Britton communicates his own view on immature nations by citing ‘third word nations are believed to experience the ill effects of a progression of basic bends in their financial and social association. Britton makes underlines that underdeveloped nations are portrayed by types of ward advancement. Britton claims that reliance is conceptualized as the procedure of verifiable molding that changes the inward working of social and monetary sub-framework inside an immature nation. He further frameworks that remote gatherings have an inheritance of political, ideological and monetary change in the underdeveloped nations (Britton, 1982, p. 333). He explains that reliance involves the subjection of the national financial freedom, whi ch needs to meet the necessities of outside people and high society as a substitute of political needs. As per his investigation, Britton accepts that basic changes incorporate absence of crucial foundation like air space, streets and legitimate information on the travel industry are the primary driver of the underdevelopment. Telfer and Sharpley additionally credits this underdevelopment to sexual orientation issues like absence of human wellbeing, rights and security (Sharpley and Telfer, 2008, p.4). Britton through his diary draws the way that expansionism is a significant key in how much advancement happens in a specific nation. Colonization is characterized as the attack and control of different people’s assets and land. During colonization, the first populace is kicked out of enormous plots of land and pioneers from another nation possessing their property (Mowforth and Munt, 2003, p. 73). Britton additionally contends that, frontier and magnificent mastery has to a gre at extent added to the defeat of many immature nations particularly during the post-provincial period. Many post-colonized nations have close binds with the administration of the nations that colonized them. In any case, as indicated by Britton, this advantages the immature nations and offers them an opportunity to prosper because of these advantages since individuals from the decision class bear the force required in managing the remote government agents and authorities of the business itself. As per Britton, many immature countries use the travel industry in creating outside trade just as expanding work openings that draw being developed capital. Hence, these immature nations fundamentally target visitors from these created nations since they are viewed as higher esteemed as far as the travel industry (Kunkel, 2008, p. 37). All together for the immature countries, to build up a solid visitor economy they must be depend on the created countries since capital from outside the travel industry is essential and useful to any creating country. In this manner, post-frontier nations consistently look for abroad interests so as to help them in creating the travel industry plans. Because of this, many immature countries have created business attaches with created nations that are their significant travelers since they to a great extent help them in raising income (Lea, 1988, p. 27). Furthermore, Briton expresses the way that underdeveloped nations don't have a decision however to acknowledge the high degree

Project Report free essay sample

As a matter of first importance, for bunch venture we have to pick an application that will be convert into coding which can be effectively executed. In the wake of making some conversation with all the individuals from our gathering, we chose to make a windows structure application to be specific Cakes Ordering Online System. This Cakes Ordering Online System has some principle work that we chose with the goal that each gathering part can do every one of their unction. The 3 primary capacities are the participation, request and in conclusion deals report. At that point we additionally have named our cakes requesting on the web framework as Mimis Cakes Bakes for our gathering venture. We had separated every one of the individuals with one of their capacity so work should be possible appropriately and conveniently. We propose this framework as it will cause human life to get simpler as clients dont must have to burn through their opportunity to go to the shop to purchase cake. We will compose a custom paper test on Undertaking Report or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This framework not likewise makes tor clients just, in light of the fact that it is additionally make tor us to ensure our cakes requesting on the web framework will get a progressively reasonable. With the utilization of PCs nowadays,we can make a framework that can be the answer for our issues that we face regular. The fundamental motivation behind our application is to beaten the issue face by irregular individuals when they need to burn through their opportunity to purchase cake. Internet requesting framework is very helpful for the individuals who need more time to head outside. It is exceptionally simple to arrange cakes while sitting at home or in office with the assistance of web based requesting framework. The framework gives total consumer loyalty in light of the fact that the clients can enroll themselves on the sites. Clients can put request without encountering extensive on holds or occupied signs. Web based requesting framework help the clients to cause the installment after get the cakes to get in light of the fact that this framework dont need to raise client feel hell to make an installment on the web. Besides, goal of this gathering venture is additionally to see how to make a framework or a windows application utilizing Microsoft Visual Basic 2010. Whithin all the information that we adapt particularly in Application Development Workshop,we ready to make a framework that I pick. Incidentally, this task objective is likewise to decide and break down day by day life framework round us.

How to Set, Track and Achieve Your Career Goals

How to Set, Track and Achieve Your Career Goals Even at a young age, children are now being taught to think about their future: what they want to be like when they grow up, what they would like to do, and possibly even what they would want to have.When the questions are first asked, the child may answer one thing. A few years later, if asked the same question, he is likely to answer differently. Once he reaches high school or even college, his answers may also be different.More often than not, however, many stick to one answer. Some of them may have different variations along the way, but the end goal remains the same. To be rich, to be successful, to be happy.The problem with goals is that many people find it hard to stick to them. Due to various circumstances, they tend to change. Some are even left unfollowed and unfulfilled. They abandon it halfway through, perhaps because they are afraid, or they lose heart. © Shutterstock.com | Kiselev Andrey ValerevichPeople have a lot of goals in life, and while some of them can be achieved easily, the same cannot be said of others. One of the toughest, and many would probably agree to this, is setting, tracking, and achieving goals related to ones career.In this guide, we explore 1) the most common career goals, 2) how to set your career goals effectively (including the SMART goal setting approach), and 3) how to track and achieve your career goals.THE MOST COMMON CAREER GOALSThink back on some of the people you know or have met. Maybe youve heard some of them complain about their jobs, to the point that they want to quit and look for employment elsewhere. You may have even met someone who openly declared that he hates his job, but is unwilling to quit because he does not know what to do afterwards.They may have valid complaints, and there are indeed problems with the job, the company, the managers and supervisors, and even their co-workers. Or it c ould also be that there is nothing wrong with the job itself or its surrounding circumstances. The problem may be because the person is not fully aware of what his career goals are or, even if he does, he may not be acting or making decisions that are in line with the attainment of those goals.Career goals are often stated in general terms, and they are often more than about getting a good job, or managing my own company someday, or being part of senior management within 10 years. Examples of the most common and basic career goals are:Satisfaction. The employee would like to feel completely satisfied with whatever job he is doing. Otherwise, going to work every day and not feeling any fulfillment from accomplishing something will only make him miserable and unmotivated to perform better and advance in his career.Financial stability. Career goals are often equated with being more than comfortable in the financial aspect. To put it bluntly, people want to be rich by doing their work. But it could also be the simple matter of being paid an amount that they feel is commensurate to the quality and amount of work they put in. Underpaid employees will have low job satisfaction and, subsequently, underperforming and unproductive. Overpaid employees, on the other hand, may feel motivated, but there is also the risk that they may feel a lot of pressure after. Thus, it is important for many people to get paid what is due them.Career stability. For many, the pay and the benefits, as well as the prestige of holding a certain job only come second to stability. They want to be employed in a company where they will not have to worry about being laid-off or retrenched in times of economic crisis. This is why solid companies attract the best and most talented jobseekers, because of the promise of stability.New and enriching experiences. Not everyone is comfortable doing the same thing, day in and day out, for five years, ten years, or even longer. There are some people who want to have a career where they will get to experience new things, force them to get out of their comfort zones and face various challenges that they feel will make them grow and become better, not just as workers, but also as individuals.In the succeeding discussions, we will try to take a closer look at career goals, and how to set them, track them, and get around to achieving them.Make sure you find a career you love and inspires you. SETTING CAREER GOALS EFFECTIVELYIf you want to advance your career, you have to set goals first. What do you want to achieve? What do you want to accomplish? By setting your goals, you have a definite end in sight, and you will now be able to start making choices and working towards that end. Every career choice and decision will be made with the objective of reaching that goal.Before you can set a career goal, however, you have to do the following:Make an assessment of where you are right now.Not only that, you also have to take stock of where youve b een. By taking at look at the present and the past, you will have more than a vague idea of where you want to go.Professional resume writer Jennifer Owen by suggested creating a success journal. Here, you will put all the relevant information that relate to this status assessment. Write down information such as your past personal and professional achievements, recognitions and awards received, certifications and accreditations earned, and new skills learned. You should also enumerate your tasks and activities at work, any exceptional accomplishments, any additional responsibilities given to you, and other similar milestones that you deem to have a bearing on your assessment of your career status.To make the Success Journal even more relevant and reliable, it would be a good idea to keep it on hand most of the time, so that you can list down any new development in your career as they happen, instead of listing them at one time, maybe at the end of the year, when some of the relevant items are already forgotten.Fill up your Success Journal with your successes, no matter how small or trivial they may seem.Make an assessment of your career, especially the areas that need improvement.If, in the previous step, you focused on the successes, this time you will look on the other end of the spectrum.Take note of the areas where your career needs to improve on. Do you feel that you have been stuck for too long in your current position? Do you think that you are not paid enough, especially compared to your peers or other people in the same industry holding the same position or performing the same tasks?By identifying these areas, you will be able to determine the areas that require change to be implemented. Those areas will be the focus of your next steps.After performing these two activities, you can now start working on articulating your goal. This is the part where most people become stumped. They know what they want, or they have an idea what it is, but when they have to put it into words or something concrete, they have a hard time.In articulating your goal, you may use the S.M.A.R.T. goal system. THE S.M.A.R.T. GOAL SYSTEMThe S.M.A.R.T. system provides the different criteria that serve as excellent guides in goal setting. It is commonly associated with management by objectives, a concept introduced by Peter Drucker.You may use this system to help you come up with a goal statement that encapsulates your career goals. SMART is actually an acronym that stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely.SPECIFICThe goal should be specific, concrete and descriptive. Between a goal that is stated in general terms and one that is specific, it is easier to see which one will be easier to accomplish. Here is a comparative example.General: I want to get a promotion.Specific: I want to be promoted to Senior Manager in 3 years.Here is another example:General: I want to start a business in the future.Specific: I want to open a restaurant in my hometown in 2018.The general statements are too broad. There is the intention, but it does not give you any other hints about the intention. I want to get a promotion will bring up questions such as what type of promotion? and to what position?”In order to be Specific, the goal must answer the following questions:Who is/are involved?What do you want to accomplish?Where do you plan to accomplish the goal?When do you plan to be able to accomplish the goal?Which requirements and constraints will have an impact on the goal and its attainment?Why do you want to accomplish that goal?Feel free to provide as many details as you want about your career goals. That is definitely much better than being vague about it.MEASURABLEYou should be able to measure the goal or, to be more precise, the progress towards its attainment. Measuring your progress will enable you to check that you are on the right track and at the right pace toward your goal. It is one way to ensure that you are meeting y our target dates or deadlines.The questions that must be answered include:How much?How many?How will you know when a step is completed or an objective is accomplished?ATTAINABLEWith proper planning of steps and a time frame, you are increasing your chances of attaining your goal. Some goals may be lofty, to the point that they are deemed to be impossible to achieve.However, if you are truly determined to achieve these goals, and you have a plan indicating that you are aware how you can get there eventually, that means you have a great chance of making it happen. You just made your goals attainable.It is entirely up to you to make the goal attainable, even if others may think and otherwise. Steps that are usually taken include:Development of a positive and winning attitude and personality that you will be able to achieve your goal;Acquisition of skills and abilities that will aid you in the completion of tasks that will bring you one step closer to your goals;Improvement of your fina ncial capacity and fiscal ability to reach the goal; andIdentification of various opportunities that you may have overlooked before, but can actually aid in your plan to attain your goalREALISTIC (RELEVANT)In some discussions, R is made to stand for relevant, indicating that the goal should matter to you and have a great impact on you, personally and professionally. If it isnt, then it is not a goal worth striving for.You should also be careful to set goals that you can actually achieve. If we say that the goal should be realistic, it means that the goal must represent a goal or objective that you are willing and able to work towards. It must be something that you want to achieve, and you have to have the abilities to enable its attainment.There may be instances when you are told that you are dreaming too high, or that you are aiming for the sky. However, if you are determined enough, and you want it badly enough, then no doubt you will find ways and means to be able to slowly and s urely get to that place.Therefore, it is important that you set performance goals instead of outcome goals. Performance goals refer to goals that may be attained depending on your performance or action taken.Outcome goals, on the other hand, are those that are dependent on factors that are completely out of your control. The economic conditions of markets, for instance, are something that is beyond our control. Even if you perform to the best of your ability, the economic downturn may still mean that the company is in trouble (and so are you).TIMELYThere should be a defined time period or duration within which you plan on achieving your goal. Stating it in terms such as in the near future or sometime in the future is not going to cut it. You have to specify a time period, such as within 5 years or when you reach the age of 35.The purpose of this is to make things clear: you want to achieve something, and you want to achieve it on this time, or within this period. This also adds a se nse of urgency, so that you will be motivated to stick to the plan and take the steps that need to be completed in order to get closer to the achievement of your career goals.Using the same example used previously,Example 1:General: I want to get a promotion.Specific: I want to be promoted to Senior Manager in 3 years.Example 2:General: I want to start a business in the future.Specific: I want to open a restaurant in my hometown in 2018.In Example 1, it made it clear that the goal (to be promoted to Senior Manager position) is expected to be achieved in 3 years. The same is true for Example 2. In the future can mean anytime within the next 10 years or even 20 years. By specifying a time frame, giving yourself until 2018 before you can open the restaurant, you will be motivated to work harder in the intervening years before 2018 towards planning the restaurant and its operations.Learn more about how to set smart goals. OTHER TIPS ON SETTING GOALSExpress your goals positively. Use a p ositive statement when articulating your career goals. For example, instead of saying Do not screw up a business deal, you should say Execute and implement a business deal properly and successfully. Instead of saying Do not lose my job, you should say Keep my job. It sounds better, and the positive aspect of the statement will have an equally positive effect on how you will perceive the goal.Set priorities for your career goals. This is especially true if you named more than one or two goals that you want to achieve in your career. To avoid confusion, each goal should have corresponding priorities, allowing you to work through them in a systematic manner. Without setting priorities, you are also running the risk of being overwhelmed and pressured.Write them down. You may pride yourself for having a sharp memory, but there is nothing wrong with writing down your goal. Sometimes, putting it on paper gives it more weight, making it more concrete. It will crystallize things and remind y ou about your goal, and what you should do in order to achieve it.TRACKING YOUR CAREER GOALSYouve set your goals, and you are now ready to take the next steps toward achievement of those goals. Between those two points, there is a need to track your career goals, in order to see if you remain faithful to your goals, and you are on the right track.Make an Action Plan.It is time to come up with your game plan. What are the activities or steps that you plan to take in order to advance toward the goals that you have set previously?List down the activities or steps that are needed to be taken in order to achieve each of the goals you have set. It would be a good idea to be as specific as possible when you list them down. This list will serve as your checklist later on. This list is not permanent, because you may need to make changes and tweaks later on, such as when you realize that you have another step that you can insert and that will aid you in your achievement of your career goals.C reate and set milestones that you will later on use as a yardstick to measure your progress. These milestones may be dates, events, figures and numbers. Make sure, however, that they are also specific. Milestones are, in effect, major stepping stones that will mark your progress. For example, for someone whose goal is to open a restaurant business in 3 years, the milestones identified may include:Acquisition of real property where the restaurant will be constructed.Completion of construction of building that will serve as the restaurant.Registration of the necessary licenses and permits for operation of business.Hiring of key kitchen and dining staff.Analyze progress by comparing the actual accomplishments with the road map.This is the time when you will assess whether you are on the right track or not. An employee with a goal of becoming member of senior management as Senior Manager in 5 years listed the following in his roadmap:Year 1: Work on at least 2 projects with the team.Yea r 2: Have my own project proposal approved and implemented.Year 3: Lead at least one project as Assistant Team Leader.Year 4: Take the lead in a project as Team Leader.Year 5: Be promoted to Senior Manager.When tracking the progress toward your career goals, compare it with the reality, applying any tracking or documentation system that you decide on to analyze your progress.Document the achieved  results.When you compare your career road map or business plan with the actual activities that have been completed, you will now be able to measure or monitor your progress. However, you have to make sure that the results are properly and completely documented.Establish a tracking system that will enable you to track your activities in connection with your goals. Tracking may be done daily, weekly, monthly or even annually, depending on the goals.Learn from NBA legend Chris Webber on achieving your career dreams. Inspiring! ACHIEVING YOUR CAREER GOALSNow we come to what may be the hardest part about the entire issue on career goals: achieving them. This is the part that takes a lot of work. In fact, it takes most of the work.When you think about it, the moment you start setting goals, you are already working towards achieving them. Identifying what you want to accomplish and attain is already half the battle. Once you have set your goals, you can now proceed towards making them happen.Adjust plans based on tracked results.Not only do you have to be flexible with your goals, you also have to be flexible with your action plan or roadmap. When analysis of your results shows that you are unable to keep to the plan due to unforeseen or uncontrollable circumstances, you have to adjust accordingly.Be prepared.You have to always be on your toes. It is quite a cutthroat world out there, and if you do not stand firm and determined in achieving your career goals, then you wont be able to get anywhere.Pursue continuous personal and professional growth and development.Take the in itiative to enhance your skills and abilities, and expand your knowledge, paying extra attention on the areas that will help you complete the steps that have to be performed towards your career goals. Some, especially the most determined ones, do not limit their learning sources within the organization. They also look outside for other learning opportunities.Reading industry books, attending conferences and seminars, and undergoing trainings and workshops these are only a few of the many options available to employees and career-driven individuals.Write down the steps you plan to take in order to reach your career goal.Remember when you had that Success Journal in the beginning? You can actually do a variation of that, listing down the steps that you will take. Keep the list on hand, or within easy reach at all times. Some post it up in a conspicuous area where they can see it every day. They actually gain motivation from seeing their plans and goals spelled out.To make things easie r, it is suggested that the goals should be broken down into small and achievable tasks. Not doing so may be overwhelming. There is also the fact that, if they are in small and practical steps, they will be easier to measure. The individual will also feel more motivated once they see each task completed.Set deadlines.It is all right to take your time and to not rush things, because the undue pressure may make you buckle. However, this does not mean you should take your sweet time about everything.You should still give yourself a specific time frame within which to achieve your goals. This target date will help spur you forward and motivate you to act today, instead of putting it off for the next day.Look for a goal partner.People who are trying to lose weight through working out are encouraged to find a workout buddy. This is so that they will continue to be motivated to continue with their workout regimen. That principle is the same with having a goal partner.It could be a job coac h, a close friend, a family member, or even a co-worker. This person will be your confidant about your goals and the steps you will take. He will discuss them with you and even help you track your progress.Find a goal partner that you can trust will encourage and even push you towards your goal. Since he is your partner, it is expected that you do the same for him.Reward yourself from time to time.You deserve to savor the moment and bask in the feeling of satisfaction of being able to complete a step. With every step you have completed successfully, giving yourself a mere pat on the back may seem enough. However, there is nothing wrong with giving yourself a more substantial reward.If you are able to receive a commendation, treat yourself to a small shopping spree. If you completed a project successfully, a day at the spa is something you deserve. These rewards will motivate you to perform the steps, and they are also something to anticipate or look forward to.Review your career goa ls from time to time.Over time, ones core work values may change. This implies that, yes, career goals may change, which is why there is a need to review them. Make the necessary adjustments in view of the current situation or state of things. Remove those that are no longer relevant, or have no importance to you.Accordingly, changing your goals may require some tweaking on the steps or activities outlined in your roadmap. Effect the corresponding changes to ensure consistency, and to ensure that the steps are aligned with the revised goal.Practice patience and persistence.Sometimes, you may feel that it is taking so long for something to actually happen. You may feel that the 5-year window you originally planned is too far into the future, and so you decide to shorten it, and then skip over some vital steps. This impatience may cost you. That is why it is important to be very careful from the beginning, when you plan and create the roadmap that you will follow.You may not know it, but you may be your biggest enemy, specifically your impatience. Stick to the plan, especially when there is no indication that there is nothing wrong with it, aside from your impatience.Persistence is key in most success stories. Many give up when they fail once. They are faced with one failure or stumbling block, and they scrap the entire plan completely, or go back to zero without weighing their options.Focus.Having single-minded focus is not a bad thing. In fact, the most career-driven individuals have this in common. They are focused on getting to where they want to be, with little attention to anything that they find irrelevant to their plans. Do not let petty distractions sidetrack you from achieving your career goals.Often, our personal and professional lives intersect and overlap. Our personal lives may have an impact on how our career paths will go, and vice versa. Therefore, it is also important that you pay attention to your short-term and long-term personal goals, and s ee that they do not contradict with your career goals. You do not want one getting in the way of the other.

Fixing Racial Disparity Essay - 2366 Words

The term minority encompasses African Americans and Hispanics that live in the United States. These special populations are often overrepresented in the criminal justice system. Although our laws designed to make life fair and equal for minorities, they still report unfair treatment and struggles that white Americans do not experience. Policy changes in areas of social prevention, arrest and incarceration, and discharge, such as implementing help groups for youth, reform of and creating trust in law enforcement, and strong exit programs, can lead to fair treatment and reduction of representation of minorities in the criminal justice system. When looking at social prevention, one issue that should be addressed is education problems in†¦show more content†¦Lack of education lends to fewer opportunities as does the loss of companies that once provided income in minority communities. One example of this would be the automotive companies that are no longer in Detroit (Levister, 2 010). There should be policies in place to provide job training for those who become unemployed. Those who collect unemployment should be required to participate in the job training programs in order to receive the benefits. Unemployment representatives should have to verify the participation and all job search activities. By enforcing polices that are already in place one would be encouraged to look for work. Getting people back to work would help the economic problem in minority communities. Another reason researchers give as to why minorities are overrepresented in the criminal justice system is racial profiling. Racial profiling is the belief that someone is guilty or committing crimes just because of their ethnicity (Toth et al, 2008). There are many profiling issues concerning policing and minorities. One is police do more unwarranted stops and searches in minority communities and with minority drivers. 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Another disparity, Landlords have the right to track your previous living conditions according to the requirements of a section 8 applicant, in order to discover if you are a problematic tenant who is simply house hoping. (Ingersoll, 2015) In addition to, Landlords

The Manifestations Of Organized Crime Among Roma - 1262 Words

The Manifestations of Organized Crime Among Roma in Romania Abstract - Organized crime captures the attention of the entire society, generating insecurity and fear among citizens. When talking about organized crime, especially among the Roma, although the terminology refers to extremely serious criminal deeds, initially we are tempted to think about the frequent methods used to sensitize that the Roma people abuse of: begging, marketing of products or metalworking. The sense of security among citizens is becoming less and less common. And as the theme dealt with in this paper refers to organized crime among the Roma - which leads us to think about a cause of insecurity in today s society - we will make a general analysis of the†¦show more content†¦Beccaria, Quetelet and Lombrosso admit the essential abnormality of the criminal behavior: each advocates its eradication in his own way, indicating the approach that is, in each point of view, the most effective in fulfilling this task. Firstly, the solution is to build a criminal law bas ed on democratic principles and reason. Secondly, it is important to find the social causes of delinquency in order to direct the actions of the public authorities towards the moralizing of the offenders. Lastly, crime is a pathological conduct, and it must be cured on the basis of individual treatment which only uses in certain cases the instruments of law (Ogien, 2002, p. 21). The offense of establishing an organized criminal group is a criminal offense of a particular gravity, which is punished with up to 10 years of imprisonment, depending on the gravity of the offenses for which the group was formed. Moreover, when the purpose for which the group was formed is reached, the conjuncture of offenses will result in a higher penalty. A.The evolution of the phenomenon In Romania, organized crime developed immediately after the revolution in 1989, with ramifications in almost all its spheres of manifestation. OverShow MoreRelatedA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 Pagesmatches in the stadiums and on television, will be used by the international French Evangelical Alliance called Sport et Foi Mondial 98 (Sport and Faith World Cup 98) to bring the Gospel to the greatest number of people in the world: Chaplaincy work among the athletes, a Bible-Expo at a strategic location, evangelical street concerts, evangelical messages and banners in the stadiums, etc. In this instance, the new pagan and secular religion of football clashes with the traditional Christian Church -Read MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pageslove of beauty, the need for beauty o Separates man from the animals o Civilization #61607; Around 5,000BC #61607; Literacy • Writing and reading #61607; Urban Life • Division of labor Ââ€" farmers, merchants, kings, priest, etc. #61607; Organized Religion • Before civilization, there was just shamanism #61607; Monumental architecture • Great Wall, Coliseum o Cradles of Civilization #61607; Cannot trace civilization back any further #61607; All started around same time #61607; AllsRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPhysical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Job-Related Mental Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Burnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Violence and Crime in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 External Impacts on Human Resources—Legal Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Equal Employment Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and OtherRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior: Experiences and Cases, Journal of Experimental Education, Journal of Applied Measurement, and more. Work–life and career focused—All self-assessments are focused to help individuals better manage their work lives or careers. Organ ized in four parts, these instruments offer you one source from which to learn more about yourself. Choice of formats—The Prentice Hall Self-Assessment Library is available in CD-ROM, online, or print format. Save feature—Students can take the self-assessments

Group Working Skills Free Essays

There are increasingly more people considering that group work is quite significant. Group work may be defined as a mode of cooperative learning, it aims to develop students’ knowledge, cater for individual differences, generic skills and attitudes. Whether students are studying or employees are working, group work is able to demonstrate their comprehensive skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Group Working Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonetheless, other people state that group work enables them too dependent on others, and gradually were losing the ability to think by themselves; whereas my conviction is that group work allows students to learn team working skills. Furthermore, it helps students training their sense of responsibility. In this essay, I will analyses how our group performs, regarding roles and cohesiveness. Regarding roles, which can be defined as people have a common goal when they work together, it also occurs in students groups. Each individual group member will have a particular position and function in it. Roles consist of group task roles, group maintenance roles and self-seeking roles. Group task roles are related to accomplish tasks and to achieve goals of the group. In my academic career I have taken part in several groups. Actually, I now play the part of evaluator. For instance, my group ember gives me some advice; I decide which ideas are good or bad. This is important because I will receive a good deal of ideas from my partner; it provides our group with the opportunity have a choice process. This helps our group to achieve are student group need to beware of pursuing the task at the expense of maintaining relationships. † This meaner, group maintenance roles are linked to interpersonal relationships. In my group I play the role of harmonies, my responsibility is conflict- resolving. Group unity is very important for the team work and members. If our group does not have unity, the group cannot do anything. For example, if the group members have conflict with others, they may not be successful when working together. An understanding of unity can help us to deal with many questions with members to achieve common purpose. Whether in the large or small group, the unity is the most important factor. Regarding self-seeking roles, Payne E and Whittaker L (2000) state that â€Å"Self-seeking roles are more likely to be an indicator of an individual student’s personality’. This is to say, self-seeking roles reflect personality. I play the role of aggressor, in my group; I will criticism my partner and argue with reasonable mints put forward by others. I do so because not only it enables my partner to improve themselves but it also allows our team to progress. Finally, in my point of view, high cohesiveness is the most concepts in group work. As the proverb goes, solidarity meaner strength; solidarity meaner victory. â€Å"Cohesiveness is a measure of the attraction of the group to its members, the sense of team spirit, and the willingness of its members to coordinate their efforts† (2011 Oxford Brooked University) So, when member working at university or company, they should share more particular information and individual skills, good cohesiveness should built a tuneful relationships. Sometimes, high cohesiveness enables group members to increase trust and confidence. These benefit of building a good communication; it allows my group members to enhance their friendship. In my group, part of members’ hard working and have a high efficiency to finish the work, they will help other members to provide more good ideas to finish the work. Conclusion In summary, this essay has discussed that the group working skills are helpful for students or employees to achieve the tasks. In my view group task roles, group maintenance roles and self-seeking roles are the most important in group work. How to cite Group Working Skills, Papers

Microcycle of an Aerobics Routine free essay sample

Micro Cycle Rene Zucchini A prediction of how suitable a generic aerobic micromole based on my own levels of fitness and suitability to aerobics would reflect upon the content within the micro cycle lasting one week. A micromole is a one-week training program designed for one specific focus. It consists of 1-7 days of training to target a selected component of fitness. A megacycle was generally designed as one 2-3 month training phases during a year. It takes 4-6 weeks for training adaptation to take place. The macromolecule is a training program that lasts for an entire year. This cycle is usually used when an athlete is preparing for major events such as an Olympic games. Which in turn meaner that an athlete would undergo four macromolecules when preparing for an Olympic games. (Queensland physical education textbook) Day one of the micro cycle would be very beneficial to all athletes because stamina and aerobic capacity is incorporated through an exercise known as Bartlett running speed play. We will write a custom essay sample on Microcycle of an Aerobics Routine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This workout recruits your fast twitch muscle fibers, ensuring that the muscle is getting a full beneficial workout. This workout will help build core strength to hold positions and be able to last the full activity. Because the muscles contract quickly and release energy rapidly they fatigue rapidly due to anaerobic metabolism providing the energy. Although this is not a crucial factor needed as my levels of fitness are high enough in the field of aerobic capacity. (Charles Stuart. (2009). Training performances. Available: http://has. CSS. Dude. AU/peeped/corer/focus/focusing/2-1-4/face_1 _4_6. HTML. Last accessed 1/4/13. ) Day two of the micromole is based of the component of fitness flexibility. Doing the full micromole warm up and then continuing on to the condition phase of the exercise work flexibility. The conditioning phases relies on 20 minutes of Palates and 15 minutes of yoga. Both use the bodies own resistance to build physical strength and flexibility while reducing stress. The yoga foundation of this workout will provide students, athletes etc. With the two main factors of yoga Paraguayan and saunas. These two categories summaries all the positions held in yoga. Saunas will include standing or seated poses where you are required to bend forward, backwards an assortment of twists. Paraguayan might include very gentle stretches to highly stimulation exercise. All yoga is used to help build and loosen your muscles and joints. Palates is similar to yoga although it does not focus on the whole body; it focuses on the main core muscles. These muscles include lower back, abdominal and the stabilizing muscle around the back, spine and trunk. This group of muscles is often known as the powerhouse in Palates because they provide the foundation around which the limbs and other muscles move. While other parts of the body do get attention in Palates, the majority to work is centered on the core. The benefits from this workout will be stronger abdominal muscles and a flatter stomach. Therefore the core strengthening exercises will help stabilize the spine, which vastly improves posture, balance and confidence in holding certain positions. (Ethan Smith. (2011). The difference between yoga and palates. Available: http:// yoga. Sport. Com/yoga-guides/the-differences-between-yoga-palates. Last accessed 2/4/13. ) Day three of this Micromole is focused on building muscular strength. Muscular strength will help the athlete prepare for their activity by allowing for them to increase their total workload intake. Muscular strength is defined as the maximum mount of force muscles can exert against some form of resistance in a single effort. An example of this can be even shown simply by lifting yourself out of a chair, picking up a heavy object and even pushing a piece of furniture. It depends on a fast twitch muscle fiber because it requires quick bursts of energy rather then long bursts. This strength is useful and relevant to this Micromole because it prepares the athlete undergoing the Micromole for core activities and being able to hold poses when set in a stationary position. (Elise Woodrow. (2011). Muscular strength. Available: http:// inerrableness. Tripod. Com/did. HTML. Last accessed 1/4/13. ) Day four consists on the component of fitness agility. Agility is defined as the ability of a system to rapidly respond to change by adapting its initial stable configuration. This is an exercise that is practiced by performing drills and movements that require the body position to change efficiently. The reason behind these movements is balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength and endurance. The ability to maintain the equilibrium when stationary or in a moving motion relies on the sensory functions such as the yes, ears overprotective organs. This certain are of fitness will help athletes change positions smoothly and be coordinated when moving through the motion of these poses and movements. This is would be a very beneficial day in the Micromole for me as I have trouble when finding a center of balance for holding poses. Road Boyd. (2009). Balance and speed. Available: http://www. Brinkman. Co. UK/ agility. HTML. Last accessed 3/3/13. ) Day five is working the body speed; this is an essential and main factor in many physical activities, however when speed is incorporated into yoga its not a must have factor. Fast twitch muscle fibers show Speed is not Just how fast an individual can run but how fast they can accelerate from a stationary position and holding the form to prevent deceleration. The way this speed is preserved is by running the most economical way to maintain speed and create an autonomous mechanical running style. Like mentioned previously speed does not have to be a main factor although if one is usually fast (speed) they are fit in other aspects of fitness already. This specific day in the micro cycle would not greatly inept me, as I am fairly fast enough. This day for me would be a general training session, which would require minimal effort. (Susan Trout. Speed workout. Available: nntp://elite. Dallying. Com/teetered- stories/restorative-yoga/. Last accessed 17/3/13. ) Day six is the similar to Tuesday relating to the flexibility part, although there is also power on this day. Power in some ways is close to muscular strength but has its own uniqueness. Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time; it is a element of skill related fitness that is needed to excel in athletics based performances. When strength is increased it doesnt always mean that power will increase. An example of this could be a person with strong upper body ability can lift heavy weights but may not have the ability to throw a shot put very far, this because the speed cannot be generated. When practicing the art of yoga a athlete will need to be able to lift their own body weight when doing push ups, planks and many other self weighted movements. (Allan Bozo. (2012). Define power. Available:http://www. Livelihoods. Com/article/ 1 1 5549-define-strength-power-muscular/ . Last accessed 5/3/13. Day seven was included to allow for the Micromole participant to have a break before actually performing their routine or yoga performance the next day. This is important because if the athlete doesnt have the recommended interval break they could be mentally tired or even fatigued which would lead to lack of interest or even muscle soreness for the event the Micromole has prepared them for. As you can see now the Mi cromole has specific components of fitness included in each day to allow for the athlete to have maximum preparation for the event that they are undergoing the Micromole

Microcycle of an Aerobics Routine free essay sample

Micro Cycle Rene Zucchini A prediction of how suitable a generic aerobic micromole based on my own levels of fitness and suitability to aerobics would reflect upon the content within the micro cycle lasting one week. A micromole is a one-week training program designed for one specific focus. It consists of 1-7 days of training to target a selected component of fitness. A megacycle was generally designed as one 2-3 month training phases during a year. It takes 4-6 weeks for training adaptation to take place. The macromolecule is a training program that lasts for an entire year. This cycle is usually used when an athlete is preparing for major events such as an Olympic games. Which in turn meaner that an athlete would undergo four macromolecules when preparing for an Olympic games. (Queensland physical education textbook) Day one of the micro cycle would be very beneficial to all athletes because stamina and aerobic capacity is incorporated through an exercise known as Bartlett running speed play. We will write a custom essay sample on Microcycle of an Aerobics Routine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This workout recruits your fast twitch muscle fibers, ensuring that the muscle is getting a full beneficial workout. This workout will help build core strength to hold positions and be able to last the full activity. Because the muscles contract quickly and release energy rapidly they fatigue rapidly due to anaerobic metabolism providing the energy. Although this is not a crucial factor needed as my levels of fitness are high enough in the field of aerobic capacity. (Charles Stuart. (2009). Training performances. Available: http://has. CSS. Dude. AU/peeped/corer/focus/focusing/2-1-4/face_1 _4_6. HTML. Last accessed 1/4/13. ) Day two of the micromole is based of the component of fitness flexibility. Doing the full micromole warm up and then continuing on to the condition phase of the exercise work flexibility. The conditioning phases relies on 20 minutes of Palates and 15 minutes of yoga. Both use the bodies own resistance to build physical strength and flexibility while reducing stress. The yoga foundation of this workout will provide students, athletes etc. With the two main factors of yoga Paraguayan and saunas. These two categories summaries all the positions held in yoga. Saunas will include standing or seated poses where you are required to bend forward, backwards an assortment of twists. Paraguayan might include very gentle stretches to highly stimulation exercise. All yoga is used to help build and loosen your muscles and joints. Palates is similar to yoga although it does not focus on the whole body; it focuses on the main core muscles. These muscles include lower back, abdominal and the stabilizing muscle around the back, spine and trunk. This group of muscles is often known as the powerhouse in Palates because they provide the foundation around which the limbs and other muscles move. While other parts of the body do get attention in Palates, the majority to work is centered on the core. The benefits from this workout will be stronger abdominal muscles and a flatter stomach. Therefore the core strengthening exercises will help stabilize the spine, which vastly improves posture, balance and confidence in holding certain positions. (Ethan Smith. (2011). The difference between yoga and palates. Available: http:// yoga. Sport. Com/yoga-guides/the-differences-between-yoga-palates. Last accessed 2/4/13. ) Day three of this Micromole is focused on building muscular strength. Muscular strength will help the athlete prepare for their activity by allowing for them to increase their total workload intake. Muscular strength is defined as the maximum mount of force muscles can exert against some form of resistance in a single effort. An example of this can be even shown simply by lifting yourself out of a chair, picking up a heavy object and even pushing a piece of furniture. It depends on a fast twitch muscle fiber because it requires quick bursts of energy rather then long bursts. This strength is useful and relevant to this Micromole because it prepares the athlete undergoing the Micromole for core activities and being able to hold poses when set in a stationary position. (Elise Woodrow. (2011). Muscular strength. Available: http:// inerrableness. Tripod. Com/did. HTML. Last accessed 1/4/13. ) Day four consists on the component of fitness agility. Agility is defined as the ability of a system to rapidly respond to change by adapting its initial stable configuration. This is an exercise that is practiced by performing drills and movements that require the body position to change efficiently. The reason behind these movements is balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength and endurance. The ability to maintain the equilibrium when stationary or in a moving motion relies on the sensory functions such as the yes, ears overprotective organs. This certain are of fitness will help athletes change positions smoothly and be coordinated when moving through the motion of these poses and movements. This is would be a very beneficial day in the Micromole for me as I have trouble when finding a center of balance for holding poses. Road Boyd. (2009). Balance and speed. Available: http://www. Brinkman. Co. UK/ agility. HTML. Last accessed 3/3/13. ) Day five is working the body speed; this is an essential and main factor in many physical activities, however when speed is incorporated into yoga its not a must have factor. Fast twitch muscle fibers show Speed is not Just how fast an individual can run but how fast they can accelerate from a stationary position and holding the form to prevent deceleration. The way this speed is preserved is by running the most economical way to maintain speed and create an autonomous mechanical running style. Like mentioned previously speed does not have to be a main factor although if one is usually fast (speed) they are fit in other aspects of fitness already. This specific day in the micro cycle would not greatly inept me, as I am fairly fast enough. This day for me would be a general training session, which would require minimal effort. (Susan Trout. Speed workout. Available: nntp://elite. Dallying. Com/teetered- stories/restorative-yoga/. Last accessed 17/3/13. ) Day six is the similar to Tuesday relating to the flexibility part, although there is also power on this day. Power in some ways is close to muscular strength but has its own uniqueness. Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time; it is a element of skill related fitness that is needed to excel in athletics based performances. When strength is increased it doesnt always mean that power will increase. An example of this could be a person with strong upper body ability can lift heavy weights but may not have the ability to throw a shot put very far, this because the speed cannot be generated. When practicing the art of yoga a athlete will need to be able to lift their own body weight when doing push ups, planks and many other self weighted movements. (Allan Bozo. (2012). Define power. Available:http://www. Livelihoods. Com/article/ 1 1 5549-define-strength-power-muscular/ . Last accessed 5/3/13. Day seven was included to allow for the Micromole participant to have a break before actually performing their routine or yoga performance the next day. This is important because if the athlete doesnt have the recommended interval break they could be mentally tired or even fatigued which would lead to lack of interest or even muscle soreness for the event the Micromole has prepared them for. As you can see now the Mi cromole has specific components of fitness included in each day to allow for the athlete to have maximum preparation for the event that they are undergoing the Micromole

A New Direction for Computer Architecture Research

A New Direction for Computer Architecture Research Free Online Research Papers Abstract In this paper we suggest a different computing environment as a worthy new direction for computer architecture research: personal mobile computing, where portable devices are used for visual computing and personal communications tasks. Such a device supports in an integrated fashion all the functions provided today by a portable computer, a cellular phone, a digital camera and a video game. The requirements placed on the processor in this environment are energy efficiency, high performance for multimedia and DSP functions, and area efficient, scalable designs. We examine the architectures that were recently proposed for billion transistor microprocessors. While they are very promising for the stationary desktop and server workloads, we discover that most of them are unable to meet the challenges of the new environment and provide the necessary enhancements for multimedia applications running on portable devices. We conclude with Vector IRAM, an initial example of a microprocessor architecture and implementation that matches the new environment. 1 Introduction Advances in integrated circuits technology will soon provide the capability to integrate one billion transistors in a single chip [1]. This exciting opportunity presents computer architects and designers with the challenging problem of proposing microprocessor organizations able to utilize this huge transistor budget efficiently and meet the requirements of future applications. To address this challenge, IEEE Computer magazine hosted a special issue on Billion Transistor Architectures [2] in September 1997. The first three articles of the issue discussed problems and trends that will affect future processor design, while seven articles from academic research groups proposed microprocessor architectures and implementations for billion transistor chips. These proposals covered a wide architecture space, ranging from out-of-order designs to reconfigurable systems. In addition to the academic proposals, Intel and Hewlett-Packard presented the basic characteristics of their next generatio n IA-64 architecture [3], which is expected to dominate the high-performance processor market within a few years. It is no surprise that the focus of these proposals is the computing domain that has shaped processor architecture for the past decade: the uniprocessor desktop running technical and scientific applications, and the multiprocessor server used for transaction processing and file-system workloads. We start with a review of these proposals and a qualitative evaluation of them for the concerns of this classic computing environment. In the second part of the paper we introduce a new computing domain that we expect to play a significant role in driving technology in the next millennium: personal mobile computing. In this paradigm, the basic personal computing and communication devices will be portable and battery operated, will support multimedia functions like speech recognition and video, and will be sporadically interconnected through a wireless infrastructure. A different set of requirements for the microprocessor, like real-time response, DSP support and energy efficiency, arise in such an environment. We examine the proposed organizations with respect to this environment and discover that limited support for its requirements is present in most of them. Finally we present Vector IRAM, a first effort for a microprocessor architecture and design that matches the requirements of the new environment. Vector IRAM combines a vector processing architecture with merged logic-DRAM technology in order to provide a scalable, cost efficient design for portable multimedia devices. This paper reflects the opinion and expectations of its authors. We believe that in order to design successful processor architectures for the future, we first need to explore the future applications of computing and then try to match their requirements in a scalable, cost-efficient way. The goal of this paper is to point out the potential change in applications and motivate architecture research in this direction. 2 Overview of the Billion Transistor Processors Architecture Source Key Idea Transistors used for Memory Advanced Superscalar [4] wide-issue superscalar processor with speculative execution and multilevel on-chip caches 910M Superspeculative Architecture [5] wide-issue superscalar processor with aggressive data and control speculation and multilevel on-chip caches 820M Trace Processor [6] multiple distinct cores,that speculatively execute program traces, with multilevel on-chip caches 600M (footnote 1) Simultaneous Multithreaded (SMT) [7] wide superscalar with support for aggressive sharing among multiple threads and multilevel on-chip caches 810M Chip Multiprocessor (CMP) [8] symmetric multiprocessor system with shared second level cache 450M (footnote 1) IA-64 [3] VLIW architecture with support for predicated execution and long instruction bundling 600M (footnote 1) RAW [9] multiple processing tiles with reconfigurable logic and memory, interconnected through a reconfigurable network 640M Table 1: The billion transistor microprocessors and the number of transistors used for memory cells for each one. We assume a billion transistor implementation for the Trace and IA-64 architecture. Table 1 summarizes the basic features of the billion transistor implementations for the proposed architectures as presented in the corresponding references. For the case of the Trace Processor and IA-64, descriptions of billion transistor implementations have not been presented, hence certain features are speculated. The first two architectures (Advanced Superscalar and Superspeculative Architecture) have very similar characteristics. The basic idea is a wide superscalar organization with multiple execution units or functional cores, that uses multi-level caching and aggressive prediction of data, control and even sequences of instructions (traces) to utilize all the available instruction level parallelism (ILP). Due their similarity, we group them together and call them Wide Superscalar processors in the rest of this paper. The Trace processor consists of multiple superscalar processing cores, each one executing a trace issued by a shared instruction issue unit. It also employs trace and data prediction and shared caches. The Simultaneous Multithreaded (SMT) processor uses multithreading at the granularity of issue slot to maximize the utilization of a wide-issue out-of-order superscalar processor at the cost of additional complexity in the issue and control logic. The Chip Multiprocessor (CMP) uses the transistor budget by placing a symmetric multiprocessor on a single die. There will be eight uniprocessors on the chip, all similar to current out-of-order processors, which will have separate first level caches but will share a large second level cache and the main memory interface. The IA-64 can be considered as the commercial reincarnation of the VLIW architecture, renamed Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computer. Its major innovations announced so far are support for bundling multiple long instructions and the instruction dependence information attached to each one of them, which attack the problem of scaling and code density of older VLIW machines. It also includes hardware checks for hazards and interlocks so that binary compatibility can be maintained across generations of chips. Finally, it supports predicated execution through general-purpose predication registers to reduce control hazards. The RAW machine is probably the most revolutionary architecture proposed, supporting the case of reconfigurable logic for general-purpose computing. The processor consists of 128 tiles, each with a processing core, small first level caches backed by a larger amount of dynamic memory (128 KBytes) used as main memory, and a reconfigurable functional unit. The tiles are interconnected with a reconfigurable network in an matrix fashion. The emphasis is placed on the software infrastructure, compiler and dynamic-event support, which handles the partitioning and mapping of programs on the tiles, as well as the configuration selection, data routing and scheduling. Table 1 also reports the number of transistors used for caches and main memory in each billion transistor processors. This varies from almost half the budget to 90% of it. It is interesting to notice that all but one do not use that budget as part of the main system memory: 50% to 90% of their transistor budget is spent to build caches in order to tolerate the high latency and low bandwidth problem of external memory. In other words, the conventional vision of computers of the future is to spend most of the billion transistor budget on redundant, local copies of data normally found elsewhere in the system. Is such redundancy really our best idea for the use of 500,000,000 transistors (footnote 2) for applications of the future? 3 The Desktop/Server Computing Domain Wide Superscalar Trace Processor Simultaneous Multithreaded Chip Multiprocessor IA-64 RAW SPEC04 Int (Desktop) + + + = + = SPEC04 FP (Desktop) + + + + + = TPC-F (Server) = = + + = Software Effort + + = = = Physical Design Complexity = = = + Table 2: The evaluation of the billion transistor processors for the desktop/server domain. Wide Superscalar processors includes the Advanced Superscalar and Superspeculative processors. Current processors and computer systems are being optimized for the desktop and server domain, with SPEC95 and TPC-C/D being the most popular benchmarks. This computing domain will likely be significant when the billion transistor chips will be available and similar benchmark suites will be in use. We playfully call them SPEC04 for technical/scientific applications and TPC-F for on-line transaction processing (OLTP) workloads. Table 2 presents our prediction of the performance of these processors for this domain using a grading system of + for strength, = for neutrality, and -for weakness. For the desktop environment, the Wide Superscalar, Trace and Simultaneous Multithreading processors are expected to deliver the highest performance on integer SPEC04, since out-of-order and advanced prediction techniques can utilize most of the available ILP of a single sequential program. IA-64 will perform slightly worse because VLIW compilers are not mature enough to outperform the most advanced hardware ILP techniques, which exploit run-time information. CMP and RAW will have inferior performance since desktop applications have not been shown to be highly parallelizable. CMP will still benefit from the out-of-order features of its cores. For floating point applications on the other hand, parallelism and high memory bandwidth are more important than out-of-order execution, hence SMT and CMP will have some additional advantage. For the server domain, CMP and SMT will provide the best performance, due to their ability to utilize coarse-grain parallelism even with a single chip. Wide Superscalar, Trace processor or IA-64 systems will perform worse, since current evidence is that out-of-order execution provides little benefit to database-like applications [11]. With the RAW architecture it is difficult to predict any potential success of its software to map the parallelism of databases on reconfigurable logic and software controlled caches. For any new architecture to be widely accepted, it has to be able to run a significant body of software [10]. Thus, the effort needed to port existing software or develop new software is very important. The Wide Superscalar and Trace processors have the edge, since they can run existing executables. The same holds for SMT and CMP but, in this case, high performance can be delivered if the applications are written in a multithreaded or parallel fashion. As the past decade has taught us, parallel programming for high performance is neither easy nor automated. For IA-64 a significant amount of work is required to enhance VLIW compilers. The RAW machine relies on the most challenging software development. Apart from the requirements of sophisticated routing, mapping and run-time scheduling tools, there is a need for development of compilers or libraries to make such an design usable. A last issue is that of physical design complexity which includes the effort for design, verification and testing. Currently, the whole development of an advanced microprocessor takes almost 4 years and a few hundred engineers [2][12][13]. Functional and electrical verification and testing complexity has been steadily growing [14][15] and accounts for the majority of the processor development effort. The Wide Superscalar and Multithreading processors exacerbate both problems by using complex techniques like aggressive data/control prediction, out-of-order execution and multithreading, and by having non modular designs (multiple blocks individually designed). The Chip Multiprocessor carries on the complexity of current out-of-order designs with support for cache coherency and multiprocessor communication. With the IA-64 architecture, the basic challenge is the design and verification of the forwarding logic between the multiple functional units on the chip. The Trace processor and RAW machine are more modular designs. The trace processor employs replication of processing elements to reduce complexity. Still, trace prediction and issue, which involves intra-trace dependence check and register remapping, as well as intra-element forwarding includes a significant portion of the complexity of a wide superscalar design. For the RAW processor, only a single tile and network switch need to be designed and replicated. Verification of a reconfigurable organization is trivial in terms of the circuits, but verification of the mapping software is also required. The conclusion from Table 2 is that the proposed billion transistor processors have been optimized for such a computing environment and most of them promise impressive performance. The only concern for the future is the design complexity of these organizations. A New Target for Future Computers: Personal Mobile Computing In the last few years, we have experienced a significant change in technology drivers. While high-end systems alone used to direct the evolution of computing, current technology is mostly driven by the low-end systems due to their large volume. Within this environment, two important trends have evolved that could change the shape of computing. The first new trend is that of multimedia applications. The recent improvements in circuits technology and innovations in software development have enabled the use of real-time media data-types like video, speech, animation and music. These dynamic data-types greatly improve the usability, quality, productivity and enjoyment of personal computers [16]. Functions like 3D graphics, video and visual imaging are already included in the most popular applications and it is common knowledge that their influence on computing will only increase: 90% of desktop cycles will be spent on `media applications by 2000 [17] multimedia workloads will continue to increase in importance [2] many users would like outstanding 3D graphics and multimedia [12] image, handwriting, and speech recognition will be other major challenges [15] At the same time, portable computing and communication devices have gained large popularity. Inexpensive gadgets, small enough to fit in a pocket, like personal digital assistants (PDA), palmtop computers, webphones and digital cameras were added to the list of portable devices like notebook computers, cellular phones, pagers and video games [18]. The functions supported by such devices are constantly expanded and multiple devices are converging into a single one. This leads to a natural increase in their demand for computing power, but at the same time their size, weight and power consumption have to remain constant. For example, a typical PDA is 5 to 8 inches by 3.2 inches big, weighs six to twelve ounces, has 2 to 8 MBytes of memory (ROM/RAM) and is expected to run on the same set of batteries for a period of a few days to a few weeks [18]. One should also notice the large software, operating system and networking infrastructure developed for such devices (wireless modems, infra-r ed communications etc): Windows CE and the PalmPilot development environment are prime examples [18]. Figure 1: Personal mobile devices of the future will integrate the functions of current portable devices like PDAs, video games, digital cameras and cellular phones. Our expectation is that these two trends together will lead to a new application domain and market in the near future. In this environment, there will be a single personal computation and communication device, small enough to carry around all the time. This device will include the functions of a pager, a cellular phone, a laptop computer, a PDA, a digital camera and a video game combined [19][20] (Figure 1) . The most important feature of such a device will be the interface and interaction with the user: voice and image input and output (speech and voice recognition) will be key functions used to type notes, scan documents and check the surrounding for specific objects [20]. A wireless infrastructure for sporadic connectivity will be used for services like networking (www and email), telephony and global positioning system (GPS), while the device will be fully functional even in the absence of network connectivity. Potentially this device will be all that a person may need to perform tasks ranging from keeping notes to making an on-line presentation, and from browsing the web to programming a VCR. The numerous uses of such devices and the potential large volume [20] lead us to expect that this computing domain will soon become at least as significant as desktop computing is today. The microprocessor needed for these computing devices is actually a merged general-purpose processor and digital-signal processor (DSP), at the power budget of the latter. There are four major requirements: high performance for multimedia functions, energy/power efficiency, small size and low design complexity. The basic characteristics of media-centric applications that a processor needs to support or utilize in order to provide high-performance were specified in [16] in the same issue of IEEE Computer: real-time response: instead of maximum peak performance, sufficient worst case guaranteed performance is needed for real-time qualitative perception for applications like video. continuous-media data types: media functions are typically processing a continuous stream of input that is discarded once it is too old, and continuously send results to a display or speaker. Hence, temporal locality in data memory accesses, the assumption behind 15 years of innovation in conventional memory systems, no longer holds. Remarkably, data caches may well be an obstacle to high performance for continuous-media data types. This data is also narrow, as pixel images and sound samples are 8 to 16 bits wide, rather than the 32-bit or 64-bit data of desktop machines. The ability to perform multiple operations on such types on a single wide datapath is desirable. fine-grained parallelism: in functions like image, voice and signal processing, the same operation is performed across sequences of data in a vector or SIMD fashion. coarse-grained parallelism: in many media applications a single stream of data is processed by a pipeline of functions to produce the end result. high instruction-reference locality: media functions usually have small kernels or loops that dominate the processing time and demonstrate high temporal and spatial locality for instructions. high memory bandwidth: applications like 3D graphics require huge memory bandwidth for large data sets that have limited locality. high network bandwidth: streaming data like video or images from external sources requires high network and I/O bandwidth. With a budget of less than two Watts for the whole device, the processor has to be designed with a power target less than one Watt, while still being able to provide high-performance for functions like speech recognition. Power budgets close to those of current high-performance microprocessors (tens of Watts) are unacceptable. After energy efficiency and multimedia support, the third main requirement for personal mobile computers is small size and weight. The desktop assumption of several chips for external cache and many more for main memory is infeasible for PDAs, and integrated solutions that reduce chip count are highly desirable. A related matter is code size, as PDAs will have limited memory to keep down costs and size, so the size of program representations is important. A final concern is design complexity, like in the desktop domain, and scalability. An architecture should scale efficiently not only in terms of performance but also in terms of physical design. Long interconnects for on-chip communication are expected to be a limiting factor for future processors as a small region of the chip (around 15%) will be accessible in a single clock cycle [21] and therefore should be avoided. 5 Processor Evaluation for Mobile Multimedia Applications Wide Superscalar Trace Processor Simultaneous Multithreaded Chip Multiprocessor IA-64 RAW Real-time Response = = = = unpredictability of out-of-order, branch prediction and/or caching techniques Continuous Data-types = = = = = = caches do not efficiently support data streams with little locality Fine-grained Parallelism = = = = = + MMX-like extensions less efficient than full vector support reconfigurable logic unit Coarse-grained Parallelism = = + + = + Code Size = = = = = potential use of loop unrolling and software pipelining for higher ILP VLIW instructions hardware configuration Memory Bandwidth = = = = = = cache-based designs Energy/power Efficiency = = power penalty for out-of-order schemes, complex issue logic, forwarding and reconfigurable logic} Physical Design Complexity = = = + Design Scalability = = = = long wires for forwarding data or for reconfigurable interconnect Table 3: The evaluation of the billion transistor processors for the personal mobile computing domain. Table 3 summarizes our evaluation of the billion transistor architectures with respect to personal mobile computing. The support for multimedia applications is limited in most architectures. Out-of-order techniques and caches make the delivered performance quite unpredictable for guaranteed real-time response, while hardware controlled caches also complicate support for continuous-media data-types. Fine-grained parallelism is exploited by using MMX-like or reconfigurable execution units. Still, MMX-like extensions expose data alignment issues to the software and restrict the number of vector or SIMD elements operations per instruction, limiting this way their usability and scalability. Coarse-grained parallelism, on the other hand, is best on the Simultaneous Multithreading, Chip Multiprocessor and RAW architectures. Instruction reference locality has traditionally been exploited through large instruction caches. Yet, designers of portable system would prefer reductions in code size as suggested by the 16-bit instruction versions of MIPS and ARM [22]. Code size is a weakness for IA-64 and any other architecture that relies heavily on loop unrolling for performance, as it will surely be larger than that of 32-bit RISC machines. RAW may also have code size problems, as one must program the reconfigurable portion of each datapath. The code size penalty of the other designs will likely depend on how much they exploit loop unrolling and in-line procedures to expose enough parallelism for high performance. Memory bandwidth is another limited resource for cache-based architectures, especially in the presence of multiple data sequences, with little locality, being streamed through the system. The potential use of streaming buffers and cache bypassing would help for sequential bandwidth but would still not address that of scattered or random accesses. In addition, it would be embarrassing to rely on cache bypassing when 50% to 90% of the transistors are dedicated to caches! The energy/power efficiency issue, despite its importance both for portable and desktop domains [23], is not addressed in most designs. Redundant computation for out-of-order models, complex issue and dependence analysis logic, fetching a large number of instructions for a single loop, forwarding across long wires and use of the typically power hungry reconfigurable logic increase the energy consumption of a single task and the power of the processor. As for physical design scalability, forwarding results across large chips or communication among multiple core or tiles is the main problem of most designs. Such communication already requires multiple cycles in high-performance out-of-order designs. Simple pipelining of long interconnects is not a sufficient solution as it exposes the timing of forwarding or communication to the scheduling logic or software and increases complexity. The conclusion from Table 3 is that the proposed processors fail to meet many of the requirements of the new computing model. This indicates the need for modifications of the architectures and designs or the proposal of different approaches. 6 Vector IRAM Desktop/Server Computing Personal Mobile Computing SPEC04 Int (Desktop) Real-time response + SPEC04 FP (Desktop) + Continuous data-types + TPC-F (Server) = Fine-grained parallelism + Software Effort = Coarse-grained parallelism = Physical Design Complexity = Code size + Memory Bandwidth + Energy/power efficiency + Design scalability = Table: The evaluation of VIRAM for the two computing environments. The grades presented are the medians of those assigned by reviewers. Vector IRAM (VIRAM) [24], the architecture proposed by the research group of the authors, is a first effort for a processor architecture and design that matches the requirements of the mobile personal environment. VIRAM is based on two main ideas, vector processing and the integration of logic and DRAM on a single chip. The former addresses many of the demands of multimedia processing, and the latter addresses the energy efficiency, size, and weight demands of PDAs. We do not believe that VIRAM is the last word on computer architecture research for mobile multimedia applications, but we hope it proves to be an promising first step. The VIRAM processor described in the IEEE special issue consists of an in-order dual-issue superscalar processor with first level caches, tightly integrated with a vector execution unit with multiple pipelines (8). Each pipeline can support parallel operations on multiple media types, DSP functions like multiply- accumulate and saturated logic. The memory system consists of 96 MBytes of DRAM used as main memory. It is organized in a hierarchical fashion with 16 banks and 8 sub-banks per bank, connected to the scalar and vector unit through a crossbar. This provides sufficient sequential and random bandwidth even for demanding applications. External I/O is brought directly to the on-chip memory through high-speed serial lines operating at the range of Gbit/s instead of parallel buses. From a programming point of view, VIRAM can be seen as a vector or SIMD microprocessor. Table 4 presents the grades for VIRAM for the two computing environments. We present the median grades given by reviewers of this paper, including the architects of some of the other billion transistor architectures. Obviously, VIRAM is not competitive within the desktop/server domain; indeed, this weakness for conventional computing is probably the main reason some are skeptical of the importance of merged logic-DRAM technology [25]. For the case of integer SPEC04 no benefit can be expected from vector processing for integer applications. Floating point intensive applications, on the other hand, have been shown to be highly vectorizable. All applications will still benefit from the low memory latency and high memory bandwidth. For the server domain, VIRAM is expected to perform poorly due to limited on-chip memory (footnote 3). A potentially different evaluation for the server domain could arise if we examine decision support (DSS) instead of OLTP workloads. In this case, small code loops with highly data parallel operations dominate execution time [26], so architectures like VIRAM and RAW should perform significantly better than for OLTP workloads. In terms of software effort, vectorizing compilers have been developed and used in commercial environments for years now. Additional work is required to tune such compilers for multimedia workloads. As for design complexity, VIRAM is a highly modular design. The necessary building blocks are the in-order scalar core, the vector pipeline, which is replicated 8 times, and the basic memory array tile. Due to the lack of dependencies and forwarding in the vector model and the in-order paradigm, the verification effort is expected to be low. The open question in this case is the complications of merging high-speed logic with DRAM to cost, yield and testing. Many DRAM companies are investing in merged logic-DRAM fabrication lines and many companies are exploring products in this area. Also, our project is submitting a test chip this summer with several key circuits of VIRAM in a merged logic-DRAM process. We expect the answer to this open question to be clearer in the next year. Unlike the other proposals, the challenge for VIRAM is the implementation technology and not the microarchitectural design. As mentioned above, VIRAM is a good match to the personal mobile computing model. The design is in-order and does not rely on caches, making the delivered performance highly predictable. The vector model is superior to MMX-like solutions, as it provides explicit support of the length of SIMD instructions, and it does not expose data packing and alignment to software and is scalable. Since most media processing functions are based on algorithms working on vectors of pixels or samples, its not surprising that highest performance can be delivered by a vector unit. Code size is small compared to other architectures as whole loops can specified in a single vector instruction. Memory bandwidth, both sequential and random is available from the on-chip hierarchical DRAM. VIRAM is expected to have high energy efficiency as well. In the vector model there are no dependencies, so the limited forwarding within each pipeline is needed for chaining, and vector machines do not require chaining to occur within a single clock cycle. Performance comes from multiple vector pipelines working in parallel on the same vector operation as well as from high-frequency operation, allowing the same performance at lower clock rate and thus lower voltage as long as the functional units are expanded. As energy goes up with the square of the voltage in CMOS logic, such tradeoffs can dramatically improve energy efficiency. In addition, the execution model is strictly in order. Hence, the logic can be kept simple and power efficient. DRAM has been traditionally optimized for low-power and the hierarchical structure provides the ability to activate just the sub-banks containing the necessary data. As for physical design scalability, the processor-memory crossbar is the only place were long wires are used. Still, the vector model can tolerate latency if sufficient fine-grain parallelism is available, so deep pipelining is a viable solution without any hardware or software complications in this environment. 7 Conclusions For almost two decades architecture research has been focussed on desktop or server machines. As a result of that attention, todays microprocessors are 1000 times faster. Nevertheless, we are designing processors of the future with a heavy bias for the past. For example, the programs in the SPEC95 suite were originally written many years ago, yet these were the main drivers for most papers in the special issue on billion transistor processors for 2010. A major point of this article is that we believe it is time for some of us in this very successful community to investigate architectures with a heavy bias for the future. The historic concentration of processor research on stationary computing environments has been matched by a consolidation of the processor industry. Within a few years, this class of machines will likely be based on microprocessors using a single architecture from a single company. Perhaps it is time for some of us to declare victory, and explore future computer applications as well as future architectures. In the last few years, the major use of computing devices has shifted to non-engineering areas. Personal computing is already the mainstream market, portable devices for computation, communication and entertainment have become popular, and multimedia functions drive the application market. We expect that the combination of these will lead to the personal mobile computing domain, where portability, energy efficiency and efficient interfaces through the use of media types (voice and images) will be the key features. One advantage of this new target for the architecture community is its unquestionable need for improvements in terms of MIPS/Watt, for either more demanding applications like speech input or much longer battery life are desired for PDAs. Its less clear that desktop computers really need orders of magnitude more performance to run MS-Office 2010. The question we asked is whether the proposed new architectures can meet the challenges of this new computing domain. Unfortunately, the answer is negative for most of them, at least in the form they were presented. Limited and mostly ad-hoc support for multimedia or DSP functions is provided, power is not a serious issue and unlimited complexity of design and verification is justified by even slightly higher peak performance. Providing the necessary support for personal mobile computing requires a significant shift in the way we design processors. The key requirements that processor designers will have to address will be energy efficiency to allow battery operated devices, focus on worst case performance instead of peak for real-time applications, multimedia and DSP support to enable visual computing, and simple scalable designs with reduced development and verification cycles. New benchmarks suites, representative of the new types of workloads and requirements are also necessary. We believe that personal mobile computing offers a vision of the future with a much richer and more exciting set of architecture research challenges than extrapolations of the current desktop architectures and benchmarks. VIRAM is a first approach in this direction. Put another way, which problem would you rather work on: improving performance of PCs running FPPPP or making speech input practical for PDAs? 8 Acknowledgments References 1 Semiconductor Industry Association. The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. SEMATECH Inc., 1997. 2 D. 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In the Workshop on Mixing Logic and DRAM: Chips that Compute and Remember, the 24th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June 1997. 28 K. Keeton, D.A. Patterson, and J.M. Hellerstein. The Intelligent Disk (IDISK): A Revolutionary Approach to Database Computing Infrastructure. submitted for publication, March 1998. Footnote 1 These numbers include transistors for main memory, caches and tags. They are calculated based on information from the referenced papers. Note that CMP uses considerably less than one billion transistors, so 450M transistors is much more than half the budget. The numbers for the Trace processor and IA-64 were based on lower-limit expectations and the fact that their predecessors spent at least half their transistor budget on caches. Footnote 2 While die area is not a linear function of the transistor number (memory transistors can be placed much more densely than logic transistors and redundancy enables repair of failed rows or columns), die cost is non-linear function of die area [10]. Thus, these 500M transistors are very expensive. Footnote 3 While the use of VIRAM as the main CPU is not attractive for servers, a more radical approach to servers of the future places a VIRAM in each SIMM module [27] or each disk [28] and have them communicate over high speed serial lines via crossbar switches. Research Papers on A New Direction for Computer Architecture ResearchOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaStandardized TestingDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males